Objectives: The follow-up treatment or rehabilitation and monitoring of patients with drug abuse DISORDERS require an efficient tool with a convenient and short-time implementation to measure psychological aspects of dependence. The Leeds Dependence Questionnaire (LDQ) has such features; thus, the present study aimed at evaluating the validity and reliability of its Persian version. Methods: The current validation study explored the data obtained from 142 substance dependent patients selected from drug addiction treatment centers in Tehran City, Iran. The criterion-related validity of the Persian version of the LDQ was evaluated by measuring its correlation with the Substance Dependence Severity Scale (SDSS). The construct validity of the Persian version of the LDQ was evaluated using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Moreover, the internal consistency and reliability of this scale were calculated by Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient and test-retest reliability methods, respectively. Results: The correlation coefficients between the LDQ and SDSS and GHQ were 0. 773 and 0. 780, respectively; the correlations were statistically significant (P<0. 001). A Cronbach’ s alpha coefficient of 0. 809 was obtained by investigating the internal consistency of the tool. Test-retest reliability for a two-week interval was 0. 963. Discussion: The criterion-related validity, construct validity, internal consistency, and testretest reliability values of the Persian version of the LDQ are approvable; therefore, it can be applied as a valid and reliable tool on the Iranian population.

Introduction: Since CNS is derived from ectoderm during the fetal period, there are some common congenital or hereditary conditions that affect both the skin and nervous systems. Such conditions are traditionally called neurocutaneous DISORDERS or phakomatosis.In this study, we have reviewed the most common clinical features and paraclinical findings in neurofibromatosis (NF) and tuberous sclerosis.Materials and Methods: In this cross sectional study, 50 patients with tuberous sclerosis or NF were chosen among all the patients who referred to the neurological clinic of Shahrivar 17th Hospital during a ten-month period. They were physically examined to detect any suspicion of neuroectodermal syndromes employing paraclinic exams like CT scan, MRI and EEG. Information about patients’ familial history, age, sex, clinical and paraclinical findings was collected to fill out the questionnaires. Finally, the data were analyzed with SPSS and SAS soft wares.Results: 80% of our patients had NF. The ratio of males to females was calculated as 1.1. The average age for the emergence of the disease was 7.8 years old for tuberous sclerosis, 11.3 years old for NF1 and 59 years old for our only case of NF2. The most common manifestation of these syndromes was Cutaneus Lesions (88.9% in tuberous sclerosis and 100% in NF).Seizure and mental retardation were also common features in tuberous sclerosis with frequencies of 88.9% and 75%, respectively. Paraclinical studies were helpful in diagnosing the 50% of tuberous sclerosis and the8.7% of neurofibromatosis cases.Conclusion: Clinical and paraclinical manifestations of neurocutaneous DISORDERS in this study are similar to other studies in the world.

Influenza is an acute viral respiratory disease with diverse clinical manifestations. Despite extensive research, ambiguities remain regarding its prognostic factors. In this cross-sectional retrospective study, conducted during 2021 on 993 samples (546 males 447 females) from patients with suspected acute viral respiratory infections who were hospitalized in hospitals of Golestan Province, we evaluated the clinical and laboratory findings of patients with influenza. The samples were sent to the provincial molecular diagnostics laboratory for real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) molecular testing. All samples were also tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Test results, along with demographic, clinical, and laboratory data, were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Of the 993 samples tested for influenza, 174 were reported as positive. All, but one, of these positive cases were influenza A. From 993 tests for SARS-CoV-2, 271 cases were also reported as positive. Additionally, 11 patients had influenza and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection. The mean age of influenza patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) was determined to be 55.60±15.11 years, while in other wards, it was 37.51±12.1 years (P<0.05). Regarding gender, the ICU-hospitalized male-to-female ratio was 3 times and 1.35 times in other wards (P<0.05). In ICU-hospitalized patients, the highest percentage of clinical symptoms belonged to fever, cough, chills, and anorexia, and in patients hospitalized in other wards, the highest percentage belonged to fever, followed by cough, chest pain, and chills. There was a statistically significant difference between ICU-hospitalized patients and those hospitalized in other wards for symptoms, such as anorexia, arthralgia, myalgia, sore throat, cough, nausea, headache, and chills (P<0.05). Blood factors, such as white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil and lymphocyte percentages, hemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and platelets, were evaluated, and no statistically significant difference was observed between the two patient groups. Biochemical factors, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, sodium, potassium, liver enzymes, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and direct and indirect bilirubin, were also examined, and no significant difference was found between the two patient groups. Additionally, other factors, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide saturation percentages, bicarbonate, and blood pH were assessed, and a statistically significant difference was found between the two groups for oxygen and carbon dioxide saturation percentages (P<0.05). Based on the findings of this study, age and gender are effective factors in the severity of influenza. Men and older adults are at particular risk for ICU hospitalization. The high prevalence of influenza A and cases of SARS-CoV-2 co-infection also highlight the importance of accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Given the increased risk of infection and disease severity among the elderly, implementing preventive programs, such as annual influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations, is essential for this group. Additionally, attention to laboratory findings like blood oxygen levels can be effective in the early identification of high-risk patients.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing close-up diets with rumen undegradable protein on serum metabolites and the incidence of health DISORDERS of Holstein dairy cows, during the hot season. Eighty-eight multiparous Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups: low crude protein (14.3% CP; 14CP) and high crude protein (17.1% CP; 17CP) diets. Blood samples were collected weekly from d -30 up to calving and then at 0, 5, 14, and 21 days after calving, for serum metabolites determination.  Cows fed the 17CP diet had higher serum concentrations of albumin, blood urea nitogen, and Mg than 14CP cows during the close-up period. In postpartum, the 17CP cows had higher serum albumin and creatinine and lower free fatty acid, BHB, and glucose concentrations than the 14CP cows. The risk to developing subclinical ketosis (SCK), metritis and endometritis were higher for the 14CP cows than the 17CP cows. Overall, feeding high rumen undegradable protein diet to close-up cows during the hot season increased serum creatinine concentrations and lowered the incidence of SCK and metritis and endometritis postpartum.

Background and Objective: Menstrual DISORDERS are including of metruragy, oligomenorrhea, polymenorrhea, dysmenorrheal and amenorrhea. Hormonal DISORDERS can be the cause of such abnormalities. This study was designed to evaluate, the correlation between serum thyroid and sex hormones level, with menstrual DISORDERS.Materials and Methods: This descriptive - analytical study carried out on 110 women with menstrual DISORDERS without anatomical DISORDERS referred to private clinic during 2007-08. In third day of menstrual cycle, sample blood was taken for determination of LH, FSH, PRL, TSH, T3, T4 and Testosterone. Laboratory tests were performed by ELISA method.Results: The 42.7% of women with menstrual DISORDERS were in age group lower than 25 years. Oligomenorrhea with 42.7% was the major menstrual disorder and amenorrhea was the lowest with 4.5%. The most hormonal DISORDERS was related to T3 (46.3%), LH (44.5%) and testosterone was the lowest with 5.4%.11 cases (10.0%) have presented with hirsutism.Conclusion: According to findings of this study T3 and LH are the common hormonal DISORDERS in menstrual abnormalities.

Background: A lot of research has been done on the post-traumatic stress, but few studies have investigated the effect of chronic stress DISORDERS on physical and psychological health. This study investigated the combined interactive effects of chronic stress DISORDERS and mental DISORDERS on somatoform DISORDERS reporting among employees at Isfahan Steel Company.Materials and Methods: In this correlational study, 189 employees in Isfahan Steel Company wwere selected according to the stratified random sampling method and completed demographic characteristics, chronic stress DISORDERS of Cohen, Karmark, and Mermelstein, and mental DISORDERS and somatoform DISORDERS of Barling, Loughlin, and Kelloway questionnaires in 2011. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and hierarchical regression.Results: Results showed significant internal correlations among chronic stress DISORDERS, mental DISORDERS, and somatoform DISORDERS (p<0.01). In addition, by controlling for demographic variables, the results of hierarchical regression analysis showed the interactive effect of chronic stress DISORDERS and mental DISORDERS on reporting somatoform DISORDERS to be significant (p<0.05).Conclusion: This study showed that chronic stress DISORDERS have a positive relationship with reporting somatoform DISORDERS both in experiencing and not experiencing psychological DISORDERS; however, this relationship was stronger when employees in addition to chronic stress DISORDERS experienced psychological DISORDERS.